Considering the surface water resources as one of the main water supplies in many regions of Iran. The application of chlorination for disinfecting drinking water has increased the rate of Disinfection By- Products (DBPs) formation. The required cost for DBPS removal motivates researchers to find a solution related to substitute the chlorination process and need for residual chlorine. Using the current Nano particles such as silver, copper and zinc in powder form is one of the best alternatives in injecting polymer and producing the pipe, but several problems such as lack of uniform distribution of Nano particles in polymer matrices, distribution of particles in the air (TLV), release of Nano particles into the system and accumulate in the body, high consumption due to reduction of filler properties and increased cost price of products led to unpopularity of this technology. Using capsulated material because of zero release and high rates and low prices can be a good choice and useful substituent. In this study various concentrations of Al2 O3 / SiO2 micro-particles, which the silver Nano particles are on these micro-particles have been used to produce sheets, and microbial tests have been done on samples of composites prepared by Iran national standard method of 10.900. And ultimately based on an amount of bacteria and retention time minimum particulate required to slow the growth of bacteria was determined as 4 percent by weight.

In this research, a model is developed for the optimal design of storm water networks.The model uses the powerful genetic algorithm as the search engine. The "Transport" module of "SWMM 4.4h" is used as the hydraulic analyzer of the model. Two different approach are used to formulate the problem with varying degrees of success in reaching a "near optimal" solution. The proposed model is applied to some benchmark examples in the literature leading to achieve good solution compared to previous results.

In this study, ion exchange nanocomposite membranes was prepared by addition of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles to a blend containing sulfonated polyphenylene oxide and sulfonated polyvinylchloride via a simple casting method. Magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile sono-chemical reaction and were selected as filler additive in fabrication of ion exchange nanocomposite membranes. Nanoparticles and nanocomposites were then characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effect of nanoparticles loading on physicochemical and electrochemical properties of prepared cation exchange nanocomposite membranes was studied. The membranes performance was evaluated by membrane potential, transport number, permselectivity, ionic permeability, flux of ions and membrane oxidative stability. Various characterizations revealed that the addition of different amounts of inorganic fillers could affect the membrane performance. The inorganic nanoparticles not only created extra pores and water channels that led to ion conductivity enhancement, but also improved transport number, permselectivity and flux of ions.

Facilitation of contaminant transport in porous media due to the effect of indigenous colloidal fine materials has been widely observed in laboratory and field studies. It has been explained by the increase in the apparent solubility of low soluble contaminants as a result of their adsorption on the surface of fine particles. Attachment of colloidal fine particles onto the rock surface could be a promising remedy for this challenge. In this experimental study, the effect of five types of metal oxide nanoparticles, γ-Al2O3, ZnO, CuO, MgO, and SiO2, on suspension transport was investigated. In several core flooding tests, different nanofluids were used to saturate the synthetic porous media. Subsequently, after sufficient soaking time, the suspension was injected into the treated porous media. Analysis of the effluent samples’ concentration by Turbidimeter apparatus demonstrated that the presence of nanoparticles on the rock surface resulted in a significant reduction in fine concentrations in the effluent samples compared with non-treated media; ZnO and γ-Al2O3 demonstrated the best scenarios among the tests performed in this study. In order to characterize the surface properties of the treated porous media, the zeta potential of the surface was measured. Results showed that the treated porous media acts as a strong adsorbent of fine particles, which are the main carrier of contaminants in porous media. These findings were quantitatively confirmed by calculation of the total energy of interaction between the fine particles and rock surface using the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory.

Nowadays the nanoparticles have been extensively developed in food industry, particularly food packaging systems. The incorporation of nanoparticles in the packaging material can improve the mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of the packaging material. In this study, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) /TiO2 nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending of PET and TiO2 nanoparticles. The morphology of the prepared nanocomposite films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to study the transparency of prepared films. Gravimetric method was employed for measuring water vapor permeability of films. Thermal and mechanical properties were performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and tension test, respectively. The transmittance decreased considerably in TiO2 nanocomposites compared to neat polymer in both UV and visible range. The incorporation of nanofillers especially at 3% wt. loading level increased the crystallinity of PET. The results of mechanical test showed that the ductility of nanocomposites was enhanced compared to neat polymer. The parameters elongation at break and dissipated energy are measures of polymer ductility. Incorporation of nanoparticles into packaging material matrix noticeably decreased the water vapor permeability of PET. In general, TiO2 nanoparticles improved the mechanical and thermal properties of PET packages. Gas permeability of prepared nanocomposite films decreased due to increased diffusion path. Improvement of packaging material characteristics could have an interactive role in extending the shelf life of foods.

To manage the positive and negative aspects of application of nanomaterials to natural systems, it is necessary to know the distribution and fate of these materials in such systems. In this regard, the nanoparticle background concentration is one of the factors affecting the transfer process. In this study, in order to investigate the effect of background concentration on the transport of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, transport of TiO2 nanoparticles was first investigated in undisturbed soil columns under different flow rates. The flow rates were equal to the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), 0. 9 Ks, 0. 7 Ks, and 0. 5 Ks (unsaturated flow) applied by peristaltic pump (BT100-1F) to the different soil columns. Then, in order to investigate the effect of the first experiment (background concentration after the first experiment) on subsequent experiments, in a column after the saturation flow test and measuring the outflow and determining the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles as a function of time, flow rates at unit volume of 540, 420, and 300 μ L/min, respectively, are 0. 9, 0. 7 and 0. 5 times the saturated hydraulic conductivity, respectively. Parameters explaining the transport of nanoparticles using measured data of breakthrough curves based on one-site sorption model and one kinetic site sorption model were estimated. At 540 μ L/min, the amount of TiO2 nanoparticles in outflow from the column was lower relative to the absence of the background concentration due to the increase in the concentration of nanoparticles and, therefore, the possibility of more collisions and formation of larger aggregates that caused trapping (straining) them in the pores of the soil. By decreasing the flow rate from 540 to 420 and then 300 μ L/min, there was no background concentration in the soil column due to the increase of the nanoparticles in the soil column and the lack of sorption site for more nanoparticles were introduced into the outlet from the column. Therefore, due to the effect of TiO2 NPs background concentration on the transfer of these particles in the soil, it is necessary to determine their background concentration in the contaminated soil and water where TiO2 NPs are used for remediation of contamination. Also, effect of background concentration on the transfer process depending on the influent flow rate should be considered. In the one kinetic sorption site model, taking into account the detachment coefficient of TiO2 nanoparticles, the results of estimation the nanoparticles transport through soil column were significantly improved (R2>0. 89, ME, and RMSE were also much lower than the one site sorption model at all flow rates).

Gene therapy is a rapidly progressing field with vast prospective for fundamentally treating human diseases such as cancer, damaged tissues, and genetic syndromes. Between various approaches of gene delivery, there is a growing interest in oral administration of DNA as one of the safest and most straightforward methods. Nanoparticles are some of the important examples of nano-materials for molecule delivery (drugs, growth factors and DNA) used in biomedical applications. Several researchers have revealed the process of nanotechnology, specifically polymeric nanoparticles, as DNA delivery structures for transdermal routines. Polylactic acid (PLA) and its famous co-polymer polylactic-co-glycolic (PLGA) are biocompatible synthetic polymers widely used to produce nanoparticles. Biobased, biosourced, biodegradable biocompatible, and bioabsorbable polylactide nanoparticles are one of the most promising materials in gene therapy serving as DNA delivery vehicles. Polylactide nanoparticles are easily processable and undergo degradation into natural metabolites while matching its degradation rate with the healing time of damaged human tissues. This mini review presents the new developments in the applications of polylactide nanoparticles as DNA delivery systems. In addition, the release of DNA from these nanoplatforms will be reported briefly.